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Cardiovascular diseases include coronary heart disease (heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease, raised blood pressure (hypertension), peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease and heart failure. The major causes of cardiovascular disease are tobacco use, physical inactivity, and an unhealthy diet.

As the glucose goes through our bloodstream, it needs to be kept regulated. This is accomplished by our pancreas which produces insulin. The more glucose, or sugar, that is introduced into our body, the more insulin that is released to regulate the blood glucose level. The problem arises when our body fails to produce the insulin we need, or it doesn’t produce enough.

Renal failure or kidney failure is a situation in which the kidneys fail to function adequately. It is divided in acute and chronic forms; either form may be due to a large number of other medical problems. Biochemically, it is typically detected by an elevated serum creatinine. In the science of physiology, renal failure is described as a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.

Liver disease is a term for a collection of conditions, diseases, and infections that affect the cells, tissues, structures, or functions of the liver. If the liver becomes inflamed or infected, its ability to perform these functions may be impaired. Liver disease and infections are caused by a variety of conditions including viral infections, bacterial invasion, and chemical or physical changes within the body. The most common cause of liver damage is malnutrition, especially that which occurs with alcoholism.

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the lower part of the front of the neck. This gland releases hormones into the bloodstream. The levels of thyroid in the blood affect heart rate, muscle strength, bowel function, fat metabolism, energy level, hair growth, and mood.

Vitamin B12, one of the B vitamins, is important for the synthesis or production of DNA, our core genetic material in each cell. Deficiency of vitamin B12 is most easily seen in quickly dividing cells such as our red blood cells. Deficiencies in vitamin B12 are reflected in increased size of the red blood cells as well as decreased production leading to anemia. Folate deficiency has the same effect so it is common to measure both vitamin B12 and folate to determine if one or both may be deficient and causing the changes in the red blood cells. Vitamin B12 is important for maintaining the effective function of the nervous system. Vitamin B12 is found in animal products such as meat, shellfish, milk, cheese, and eggs. Strict vegetarians who do not eat animal products, and young children of mothers who are strict vegetarians are at increased risk for developing vitamin B12 deficiency and the associated anemia.

The sunshine Vitamin as vitamin D is popularly known as is a fat soluble vitamin that can be stored in the body. It is known to promote bone health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases like common cancers, cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases. Vitamin D occurs in two forms – Vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol). Small amounts of Vitamin D 2 are obtained from plant foods and Vitamin D 3 can be obtained from foods of animal origin like dairy and fish. But since very few foods contain Vitamin D, it is difficult to obtain adequate dose of Vitamin D only from foods. Through most of human history, sunlight has been the primary source of vitamin D, which is formed in the skin that is exposed to Ultraviolet B radiation. Studies from different parts of India over the last decade prove that Vitamin D deficiency is widespread. This cuts across gender, class and age groups. Besides other conditions, a low Vitamin D is a risk factor for osteoporosis. A deficiency of Vitamin D should not be allowed to remain uncorrected for too long even in those who are healthy. The longer the deficiency is allowed to persist, the greater the risk of serious health complications such as chronic illness, debilitation or even early mortality